Self-contained temperature-change container assemblies

ABSTRACT

A container assembly heats or cools a product inside an inner container. An outer jacket at least partially surrounds the inner container, with a first internal volume and a second internal volume in the space between the outer jacket and the inner container. A first temperature-change reagent is contained inside the first internal volume, and a second temperature-change reagent is held in the second internal volume, with a reagent separator between the two. Several penetrators are disposed to penetrate the reagent separator to produce openings through the separator and through which the two reagents can mix. Steel wool inside the first internal volume acts as a steam condenser. The outer jacket includes a jacket top ring secured around an upper surface of a standard can, a jacket body secured to the jacket top, and a flexible jacket bottom that carries several spikes molded onto the jacket bottom.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/613,322, which was filed on Jul. 3, 2003.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to containers and apparatus for heating or cooling materials held inside containers. More particularly, the invention provides a can or a similar container for holding a food product or another material, and a self-contained assembly for heating or cooling the container and the material within it to a temperature above or below the material's storage temperature. In a preferred embodiment, a standard metal can holds a quantity of a food or beverage. A jacket or housing surrounds the can, with reagents for an exothermic or endothermic temperature-change reaction inside the jacket in proximity to the can. Activating the device initiates the reaction to heat or cool the can and its contents.

Devices of this general type are known in the art. Some such devices include a food container in proximity to a reagent storage vessel. The reagent storage vessel holds a quantity of calcium oxide and a quantity of water, with a barrier between them to keep the two reagents separated. The devices include some mechanism for breaching the barrier to allow the calcium oxide and water to mix. When this occurs, the resulting exothermic reaction generates heat that is transferred into the food container to raise the temperature of a food product inside the container.

The prior art devices suffer from various deficiencies, though. Some of the devices are prone to leak either steam or heated reactants from the reagent mixture. These devices can be hazardous in use. Concern over the possible injuries to users has severely hindered the acceptability of these devices in the marketplace. Other devices do not adequately control the rate of the reaction after its initiation. The reaction may proceed either too fast or too slow, and too much or too little heat may be transferred to the food. Other devices are overly complex, and difficult, expensive, or time-consuming to manufacture, assemble, use and dispose of. For these reasons and others, there has never been an acceptable mass-market, self-heating product until now.

A need exists, therefore, for self-contained temperature-change container assemblies that are improved in comparison with those of the prior art. Such an assembly should be safe and reliable in use, and easy and inexpensive to manufacture. Container assemblies of this type, and methods for manufacturing in them, are described below in this document.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is embodied in a self-contained, temperature-change container assembly operable to heat or cool a product packaged inside an inner container inside the assembly. The product may be a food or beverage, or it may be another type of product.

A preferred embodiment of the assembly includes an outer jacket that at least partially surrounds the inner container, with a first internal volume and a second internal volume in the space between the outer jacket and the inner container. A first temperature-change reagent is contained inside the first internal volume, and a second temperature-change reagent is held in the second internal volume, with a reagent separator between the two.

The preferred embodiment includes a movable member with several penetrators situated to penetrate the reagent separator to produce openings through the separator and through which the two reagents can mix. Mixing the reagents initiates a chemical reaction—exothermic or endothermic—in order to heat or cool the inner container and a product contained within it.

In the preferred embodiment, the first temperature-change reagent is calcium oxide and the second temperature-change reagent is liquid water. Mixing the two results in an exothermic reaction that generates heat to raise the temperature of the product inside the container.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, steel wool is provided inside the first internal volume. The steel wool, which is an efficient thermal conductor with a large surface area, acts as a steam condenser to control the formation of steam generated by the reaction.

The outer jacket can comprise a jacket top ring secured in place around an upper surface of a standard can, a jacket body secured to the jacket top, and a flexible jacket bottom that acts as a movable member and which carries several penetrators in the form of spikes molded onto the jacket bottom.

The assembly can be manufactured by fixing a jacket top ring around a sealed inner container, fixing a jacket body onto the jacket top ring, filling first and second reagents inside the jacket body with a reagent separator between them, and then installing a flexible jacket bottom onto the jacket body with penetrators or spikes provided opposite the reagent separator.

Preferred embodiments will use standard size cans so that a food or beverage manufacturer or canner may designate some units of its output for sale to consumers as usual, and other units for inclusion in temperature-change container assemblies according to the invention, with minimal, if any, retooling or manufacturing changes being required of the food manufacturer.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a self-contained temperature-change container assembly that embodies the invention.

FIG. 2 is a top view of the container assembly of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a side section view of the container assembly of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating the manufacture of temperature-change container assemblies in combination with the production of conventional packaged products.

FIG. 5 illustrates a safety feature useable with assemblies of the type described in this document.

FIG. 5A is an enlarged view illustrating the safety feature of FIG. 5.

FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of another embodiment of a safety feature similar to the one of FIGS. 5 and 5A.

FIG. 7 depicts the attachment of an annular jacket top ring to a container in the manufacturing of the container assembly of FIGS. 1-3.

FIG. 8 illustrates the assembly of a jacket body around the jacket top ring of FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 shows the filling of a steam condenser and a first reagent between the jacket body and the container of FIGS. 7 and 8.

FIG. 10 illustrates the installation of a reagent separator into the jacket body of FIGS. 7-9.

FIG. 11 depicts the placement of a second reagent into the jacket body of FIGS. 7-9.

FIG. 12 illustrates the installation of a jacket bottom onto the jacket body of FIGS. 7-11.

FIG. 13 is a plan view showing the arrangement of penetrating spikes on the jacket bottom of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a side view showing the arrangement of the penetrating spikes of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 illustrates a first layered configuration for the outer wall of a container assembly that embodies the invention.

FIG. 16 shows a second layered configuration for the outer wall of a container assembly that embodies the invention.

FIG. 17 depicts a third layered configuration for the outer wall of a container assembly that embodies the invention.

FIG. 18 shows a jacket bottom member that forms a part of an alternative preferred embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 19 shows a liquid reagent filled into the jacket bottom member of FIG. 18.

FIG. 20 depicts a membrane applied to the jacket bottom member of FIG. 18 over the liquid reagent shown in FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 illustrates the installation of a thin-profile jacket top ring around the top of an inner container.

FIG. 22 shows the installation of a jacket body member to the jacket top ring of FIG. 21.

FIG. 23 depicts the installation of a thermal insulator inside the jacket body member of FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 illustrates the placement of a steam condenser inside the jacket body member shown in FIGS. 22 and 23.

FIG. 25 illustrates a second reagent filled inside the jacket body member of FIGS. 22-24.

FIG. 26 depicts the placement of a can support inside the jacket body member of FIGS. 22-25.

FIG. 27 shows the installation of the subassembly of FIGS. 18-20 to the subassembly of FIGS. 21-26 to provide a self-contained assembly embodying the invention.

FIG. 28 depicts an alternative construction in which a jacket body member and jacket top ring are formed integral with one another as a single piece.

FIG. 29 is an enlarged detail view showing a region of top ring of FIG. 28.

FIG. 30 is a side section view of an alternative activation assembly for use with a self-contained temperature-change assembly according to the invention.

FIG. 31 is a side section view of a fixture and a thin-walled plastic bag used in an alternative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 32 is a side section view showing a steam condenser placed inside the thin-walled plastic bag of FIG. 31.

FIG. 33 is a side section view showing a first reagent filed into the thin-walled plastic bag over the steam condenser shown in FIG. 32.

FIG. 34 is a side section view illustrating a step of vacuum sealing the thin-walled plastic bag of FIG. 33, with the first reagent and the steam condenser sealed inside.

FIG. 35 shows a reagent subassembly constructed according to the steps illustrated in FIGS. 31-34.

FIG. 36 shown the reagent subassembly of FIG. 35 placed inside an outer jacket subassembly.

FIG. 37 illustrates the installation of an activation subassembly onto the outer jacket subassembly of FIG. 36.

FIG. 38 shows a plastic bag placed inside a fixture during the assembly of an alternative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 39 shows the filling of a solid first reagent inside the plastic bag of FIG. 38.

FIG. 40 shows a reagent subassembly created according to the steps illustrated in FIGS. 38 and 39.

FIG. 41 illustrates an outer jacket subassembly with a steam condenser filled inside it.

FIG. 42 shows the reagent subassembly of FIG. 40 installed in the outer jacket subassembly of FIG. 41.

FIG. 43 illustrates the installation of an activation subassembly onto the outer jacket subassembly of FIG. 42 to complete an alternative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 44 is a side section view illustrating an embodiment of the invention including a relatively broad, shallow inner container.

FIG. 45 is a side section view illustrating another embodiment of the invention that features flared walls in a bowl-like configuration.

FIG. 46 shows an embodiment of the invention that includes a three-part outer jacket with two welds.

FIG. 47 illustrates another embodiment of the invention, with a two-part jacket and a single weld.

FIG. 48 illustrates an alternative activation mechanism for use with assemblies of the type described in this document.

FIG. 49 illustrates another embodiment, in which a user of the assembly can place a product in the assembly's inner container prior to activating the assembly to heat the product.

FIG. 50 illustrates an embodiment generally similar to that shown in FIG. 49, with an inner wall insulator applied to the inner wall of the assembly's inner container.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

An exemplary embodiment of the invention is a self-contained temperature-change container assembly that is assembled around a standard food can or a similar container that holds a food product or another item that will be heated or cooled inside the container.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a container assembly 3 embodying the invention. The container assembly is assembled around an inner container 5 in this embodiment, a cylindrical metal can that holds a quantity of a food or beverage.

The inner container 5 is partially enclosed inside an outer jacket 8, with the top 10 of the inner container exposed. A user can remove or open the can's top using a pull-tab opener 12, a mechanical can opener (not shown), or other conventional means.

A visual indicator 15 is provided on the top 10 of the can 5 or elsewhere in a suitable location. This indicator's color or appearance changes to signal that the can's top 10 (and by implication the food or beverage inside) has reached a desired predetermined temperature, and that the can's contents are thus ready to eat or drink. Before the assembly is activated, the visual indicator serves as a guard against tampering and a confirmation that the container assembly 3 remains undisturbed and ready for use.

A disposable utensil 17—which might be a drinking straw, a one-piece or two-piece plastic fork or spoon, or a combination spoon/fork (a “spork”)—can be attached by an adhesive or other similar means to the outer wall 20 of the jacket 8. This utensil can be packaged for security and cleanliness inside a plastic or cellophane wrapper. A napkin or a moist disposable wipe (not shown) might be provided as well. The entire assembly can be shrink-wrapped or made to incorporate a tamper-evident plastic lid.

The top 10 of the inner container 5 can be entirely removable from the assembly, as is usually the case with a canned soup or similar products. Means can also be provided for providing a small opening in the top so that the contents of the container can be sipped or poured conveniently and controllably without spilling.

FIG. 2 is a top view of the container assembly 3 illustrated in FIG. 1. The visual indicator 15 is an adhesive label pressed onto the top 10 of the inner container 5. The label is printed with a temperature sensitive ink that changes color (or otherwise provides a change in appearance) at a given predetermined temperature. When the container and its contents are heated to this temperature, the ink changes color to show the user that the contents of the can are ready for use. The color change is one time only—the ink changes when the predetermined temperature is reached, but does not change back to its original color when the can cools back below its predetermined transition temperature. When the user looks at the indicator and sees it in its original color or appearance, the user can be confident that the assembly 3 has not been activated—whether by accident or intentional tampering—and that the assembly thus remains ready for use. When the user activates the assembly, the user can watch the indicator until it changes color, at which time the user will know that the food or beverage is hot and ready for use.

Other indicators may be used in place of the color-change label described here in connection with a preferred embodiment. An alternative visual indicator might use a heat-sensitive ink that would become visible (or change from visible to invisible) at the predetermined temperature. Still other indicators might change their shape or some other condition to indicate to the products user that the product had been activated at some time in the past or that the product is now ready for use.

FIG. 3 is a side section view showing internal details of the container assembly 3. The food, drink, or other contents 23 are held inside the sealed inner container 5. The inner container can be a custom container or a conventional standard-sized can. The food, drink, or other contents can, if desired, be placed inside the can as usual at a canning factory and delivered to another location for assembly of the other elements around the can, or the food can be packaged and the entire assembly assembled at one location. Preferred embodiments use standard cans, which is advantageous because it allows for a great variety of canned foods and drinks to be assembled into a self-heating assembly without any special tooling or manufacturing on the part of the food manufacturers. Voluntary can size standards are developed and published, for example, by the Can Manufacturers Institute Can Standards Working Group.

A food producer may produce many individual cans of a product sealed inside standard size cans. Some of these units may be designated for conventional labeling and delivery for sale to consumers. Other identical units can be designated for incorporation in a temperature-change assembly of the type described here. Those assemblies might be constructed at the canning facility or another location where a food or beverage is packaged inside the containers, or delivered to another location for further assembly and later delivery for sale to consumers. Use of standard containers in these assemblies means that no significant retooling or other manufacturing changes are required of a food producer in order to have their canned products incorporated in assemblies like those described in this document.

FIG. 4 illustrates schematically the manufacture of temperature-change container assemblies according to the invention in combination with the production of conventional packaged products. Process step 150 indicates the packaging of products into closed containers. In a preferred embodiment, this step might represent the canning and sealing of a soup product or another food product inside standard metal cans or similar sealed metal containers.

Process step 152 represents the designation or diversion of the products inside their containers into first and second portions. A first portion 155 of the containers is sent for conventional labeling 158 and shipment 160 for sale to consumers or other users. In preferred embodiments, cans of soup or another food product may be labeled in the usual way, and sent to markets and other points of sale for purchase and use by consumers.

A second portion 163 of the containers is sent for further manufacturing 165, in which the other elements of a self-contained temperature-change container assembly according to the invention are assembled around the containers. The finished assemblies are then sent for shipment 167 for sale to consumers or other users. In a preferred embodiment, self-heating canned food products are placed on sale at markets and other points of sale for purchase and use by consumers.

Process step 152 may represent a physical process on a manufacturing line, or it may represent the mere designation of a certain portion of the packaged products for special handling. On a manufacturing line, for example, a splitter may divide the line into two portions and select some cans for direct labeling and shipment, and others for further assembly into self-contained temperature change assemblies. Process step 152 might also represent, for example, the manual designation and division of cans waiting for shipment inside a warehouse, where some of the cans are designated and labeled for sale as usual, and others are designated for inclusion inside assemblies of the type described in this document.

A standard cylindrical food can 5 like that shown in FIG. 3 comprises a top 10 and a bottom 25 with a cylindrical container wall 28 between them. Conventional cans are usually steel, aluminum, or similar materials that are—conveniently for this invention—very effective heat conductors. The container's contents 23 can be a food, a drink, or another item intended for use at a temperature above its usual storage temperature.

The outer jacket 8 surrounds the inner can 5. The jacket in this embodiment (for a cylindrical can) comprises an annular jacket top ring 30, a cylindrical jacket body 32, and a jacket bottom 35. The jacket parts can be formed of an inexpensive ordinary plastic material. There is no direct contact between the plastic and the food 23 inside the can 5 so special food-grade plastics are not required. The material that forms the jacket parts should preferably have a relatively low thermal conductivity—lower in particular than the thermal conductivity of the material of the inner can 5.

A space is defined inside the jacket 8 between the inside of the jacket and the outside of the can 5. This space includes a first internal volume 38 and a second internal volume 40, with an intermediary barrier 42 between them.

The first internal volume 38 holds a first reagent 45, the second internal volume 40 holds a second reagent 50, and the barrier 42 separates the two. In a preferred embodiment the first reagent is granular calcium oxide and the second reagent is ordinary liquid water. The barrier can be a thin, breakable membrane such as a metal foil or a plastic film. Spikes or penetrators 53 are provided on the jacket bottom 35, with the spikes pointing inward toward the barrier membrane reagent separator 42.

To heat the contents 23 of the can 5, the user inverts the assembly 3 so that it rests on the can's top 10 and the jacket top ring 30. The jacket bottom 35 is flexible enough so that the user can force the spikes 53 through the membrane 42 by pressing down on the middle of the flexible jacket bottom. When the user removes the pressure, the flexible jacket bottom returns to its original position, withdrawing the spikes and leaving several spaced-apart holes in the membrane. One such hole is produced by each spike, and the holes are spaced-apart in a pattern corresponding to the spikes' configuration.

The liquid water second reagent 50 runs or drips out of the second internal volume 40 and into the calcium oxide first reagent 45 in the first internal volume 38. An exothermic reaction ensues as the water percolates downward through the granular calcium oxide. The heat of this reaction is conducted preferentially through the bottom 25 and the wall 28 of the can, which—being metal—conduct heat much better than the plastic of the outer jacket 8.

After a short time—after the liquid water second reagent 50 has permeated sufficiently through the calcium oxide first reagent 40—the user may flip the assembly 3 back into the upright configuration shown in FIG. 3. The reagent mixture will continue to produce heat and warm the food for a considerable time until the reaction is complete. During this time, convection currents (indicated by the arrows in FIG. 3) are generated in the food or drink 23, which helps to distribute the heat within the product so that the product is heated in a controlled manner with the food or drink brought to a relatively uniform temperature throughout the volume of the can 5.

In this embodiment, the penetrators are spaced apart from one another and configured so that each penetrator creates its own opening or hole through the barrier film. This results in a spaced-apart pattern of relatively small holes. Such a pattern is advantageous in that the flow rate of the liquid water second reagent into the solid first reagent is limited by the limited area of the openings through the barrier. This helps to guard against a too vigorous reaction occurring at a localized area, as might be the case, for example, if the penetrators were configured to tear through and create a large breach through the barrier.

The configuration of this embodiment is also advantageous in that the holes created by the penetrators are generally smaller than the typical grain size of the calcium oxide first reagent. The barrier film can thus support the weight of the calcium oxide and maintain the calcium oxide in close contact with the sides and bottom of the inner container, even after the barrier has been penetrated to mix the first and second reagents and initiate the reaction. Such a configuration allows for more efficient heating in comparison with other embodiments that create a larger breach through the intermediate barrier, and in which the solid reagent can thus fall through the breach and out of close contact with the inner container.

The exothermic reaction between the calcium oxide 45 and the liquid water 50 is a fairly strong one. Temperatures within the mixture can reach 400 degrees Fahrenheit (200 degrees Celsius) or more, and a significant quantity of steam is generated.

A steam condenser 55 is provided in the first internal volume 38 around the can 5 near the top of the jacket 8. In a preferred embodiment, the steam condenser is a quantity of fairly loosely packed steel wool. Steel wool is an efficient conductor of heat, with a high surface area relative to its volume. Hot steam that moves upward from the reagent mixture is cooled rapidly as it comes into contact with and condenses onto the steel wool. Significant heat is released, especially in changing the steam from vapor to liquid water. This heat is transferred efficiently from the highly conductive steel wool into the also highly conductive metal wall 28 of the can 5. The high surface area of the steel wool provides a large effective surface area for condensation of the steam. The liquid water condensate is then available to drip back down into the calcium oxide 45 to further the ongoing exothermic reaction. The reaction can continue for a considerable time, maintaining the product at an appropriate temperature long after the initial heating.

The steam condenser might also be placed inside the second internal volume, when the product is activated steam fills the entire interior space comprising the first and second internal volumes, so that a steam condenser in the second internal volume might also be effective in condensing excess steam generated by the reaction.

FIG. 5 illustrates a further safety feature that may be included in some embodiments of assemblies of the type described in this document. This figure illustrates the jacket bottom 35 that holds the penetrators 53 and which contains liquid reagent 50 inside it. As with other embodiments, pressing the jacket bottom inward urges the penetrators through a barrier 42 which allows the liquid reagent to mix with a solid reagent inside the first internal volume 38.

This embodiment, though, includes an outlet 165 that vents steam in case to prevent a condition of overpressure inside the assembly's jacket. In this embodiment, the outlet 165 is in the form of a normally closed hole, notch, or gap in the lower surface of the jacket bottom 35, in communication with the first internal volume 38, which contains the first reagent, and in which the reaction and steam generation primarily occur.

The outlet 165 in this embodiment is normally closed by a relatively thin outlet barrier 168, which may simply be a thin plastic structure left in place when the outlet is formed in the jacket bottom 35. (The outlet and outlet barrier can be seen best in the partial enlargement at the bottom of FIG. 5A.) If the reaction occurs too quickly so that excess steam and high pressure are present inside the jacket, the outlet barrier ruptures to allow the overpressure to vent itself to the outside of the jacket.

This embodiment includes a steam filter 170 inside the jacket between the outlet 165 and the first internal volume 38. The steam filter controls the release of pressure and the passage of steam through the outlet. Much or all of the steam that would otherwise pass through the outlet will condense onto the steam filter, which enhances the safety of the device while still allowing release of excess pressure inside the jacket when required. The steam filter may be a small amount of ordinary cotton, felt, or some other porous or fibrous material that allows gas or vapor to pass through the outlet in a measured, controlled manner. The steam filter might also be some form of more elaborate mechanical valve constructed to allow venting of high pressure, although a simple, inexpensive material like cotton will usually be preferred for its low cost, reliability, and ease of assembly.

FIG. 6 is an enlarged view that depicts another embodiment, in which the outlet is in the form of a simple through-hole without a barrier between the first internal volume 38 and the outside of the assembly. Such an embodiment is easy to make, and reliable, because its operation does not rely on the controlled rupture or opening of an outlet barrier in response to overpressure inside the jacket.

Although the outlet is shown in these figures as being formed through the jacket bottom, such outlets could be formed in the top or side of the jacket, or at any suitable location in communication with the internal space in which the reaction takes place.

In some cases, it may be desirable to mix an inert material (one that does not contribute to the temperature-change reaction) with the first reagent 45 in the first internal volume 38. This can be done to moderate the reaction to control the rate of the reaction and the rate and amount of heat generation.

The reaction rate may also be moderated by providing a second quantity of the liquid reagent inside the first internal volume inside a plastic bag with an appropriate melting point. When the liquid reagent mixes with the solid reagent, the temperature will rise inside the jacket body. At some point, the temperature will exceed the melting point of the bag that contains the second quantity of the liquid reagent, which will then be released into the first reagent to contribute further to the reaction.

If desired, an appropriate substance may be added to the liquid reagent to lower its freezing point to protect the liquid reagent against freezing as the assembly is transported or stored. Common sodium chloride salt is an inexpensive substance that can lower the freezing temperature of liquid water substantially.

A variety of different reagent combinations might be used in different embodiments. The first reagent may be a combination of an acidic anhydride or salt and a basic anhydrade or salt. Adding water as a second reagent to such a first reagent mixture will produce heat and an acid/base mixture. The neutralization reaction between the acid and the base produces additional heat, and a safe, neutral, easily disposable end product.

Possible reagent mixtures include calcium oxide (CaO) in combination with phosphorous pentoxide (P₂O₅); calcium oxide in combination with aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), calcium oxide in combination with oxalic acid (H₂C₂O₄), and calcium oxide in combination with magnesium chloride (MgCl₂). Other reagent mixes are possible as well, and an inert material might be added to such a first reagent mix, if desired, to control the rate and degree of heat produced in the reaction. Mixture proportions might include, for example, between 100-125 grams of calcium oxide, between 0-30 grams of oxalic acid, and between 0-15 grams of inert mineral oil.

A “two-stage” reagent mix can be achieved by using an inert material in combination with less than the entire amount of one of the reagents. Such a mix might include, for example, calcium oxide, a portion of which is coated with an inert mineral oil, and a portion of which is uncoated.

When water enters such a mixture, the uncoated portion is quickly exposed to the water and begins producing heat rapidly and immediately through the resulting exothermic reaction. The coated portion is initially shielded from contact with the water, and does not at first contribute much to the reaction.

As the reaction continues, though, the mineral oil coating begins to break down and be penetrated by the water. As this happens, more and more of the coated portion of the calcium oxide begins contributing to the reaction, effectively replacing to some extent the calcium oxide consumed previously in the reaction. Such a “two-stage” mixture thus provides quick initiation of heat generation from the reaction (primarily from initially contact between the water and the uncoated portion of the calcium oxide), followed by a longer, sustained heat generation as more and more of the coated portion begins contributing to the overall reaction.

The goal, of course, is to devise a reagent mix that combines quick initiation and rapid heating of the food product, followed by a sustained heat generation that will keep the food inside the inner container warm for a considerable time, all while economizing on the amounts of reagents used and seeking to avoid a too vigorous reaction that might, for example, create an overpressure inside the reagent container or scorch or burn the food inside the inner container.

Any of a considerable variety of reagent mixes might be found optimal for a particular application. Generally speaking, a two-stage reagent mix might have only 15-90% of its calcium oxide (by weight) coated with mineral oil as an inert material. The weight of the mineral oil used in the coated portion might be between 1% and 20% of the total weight of the calcium oxide (the coated and non-coated portions, weighed before any is coated) used in the overall mix.

In one particular reagent mix used in a presently preferred embodiment, the calcium oxide is divided into two portions—70% by weight is coated with mineral oil and 30% is not. The weight of the mineral oil used to coat the coated portion in this embodiment is 7% of the weight of that portion of the calcium oxide to be used in the coated portion (weighed before coating). A mix of this composition might thus include 100 grams of calcium oxide, with 70 grams of that being coated with about 5 grams of mineral oil, and the two portions then being mixed back together as a combined first reagent for use in combination with water as a second reagent.

Although the preferred embodiment described here is intended primarily for heating a food or beverage, other applications are also contemplated. There are, for example, certain cosmetic, medical, pharmaceutical, therapeutic, or sports appliances—bandages, wraps, treatments for soreness or stiffness, and the like—that are intended to be applied to a user's body at temperatures above room temperature. Such products could be enclosed inside a container in an assembly like that described here, for activation and application at the desired elevated temperatures, even at locations where more conventional heating equipment is not available. Food products can include foods and beverages, in single servings or multiple-portions, including platoon-size meals for military or similar use in the field. Foods may obviously include entrees, side dishes, baby foods or formulas, pet foods, or any other food or beverage for which heating or cooling might be desired.

Moreover, although such an assembly will commonly be used to heat a product from room temperature to well above room temperature, the use of the invention is not so limited. Some products may best be stored, even in a sealed container, in a refrigerator or freezer at a temperature well below room temperature. In that case, an assembly of this type might be used to quickly bring the product up to room temperature for use, or in any event up to a temperature above the product's normal storage temperature.

Finally, although the invention is embodied here in a self-heating assembly that uses an exothermic reaction to deliver heat to the product, other reagents could be used that would, upon mixing, initiate an endothermic reaction to extract heat from the container and thereby cool a product contained inside it. Cold beer or wine, water, juices, or soft drinks could be delivered at locations away from conventional refrigeration and without the need for heavy and space-consuming ice or freezer appliances. There are also sports wraps and similar therapies—such as those intended to treat minor sprains and reduce swelling—that are best applied at temperatures well below normal temperature. These products and others—including but by no means limited to food entrees and side dishes including baby food or formulas, and beverages such as beer, wine, coffee, tea, cocoa, or hot apple cider, and non-food products including hair dyes, hot oil hair treatments, self-heating beauty wax treatments, surgical tools, and other products—might be delivered for convenient use inside a self-contained temperature-change container according to the invention.

FIGS. 4-9 illustrate process steps in the manufacturing of a container assembly that embodies the invention. FIG. 4 illustrates the attachment of the annular jacket top ring 30 around the edge of the top 10 of the inner container metal can 5. The top ring is placed generally flush with the top edge of the can, and secured to the can by an adhesive or by any other suitable method. If desired, the food, drink or other contents can be put into the can and the can sealed at an ordinary canning facility, which may be at a location other than that at which the finished product is assembled. Standard sealed cans identical to those usually sold to consumers can be delivered to the assembly location for inclusion in the final product.

FIG. 5 illustrates the attachment of the outer jacket body 32 to the top ring 30. After the top ring is fixed at the top 10 of the can 5, the can and the top ring are turned top down so that the outer jacket body can be fixed around the top ring. The jacket body can be secured to the top ring by any suitable method, including adhesive fixing, or heat, sonic, or spin welding.

FIG. 6 depicts a filling of the steel wool 55 and the calcium oxide 45 (in that order) into the interior of the jacket body 32 around the outside of the can 5. The calcium oxide is filled as shown in FIG. 6 to a depth sufficient to cover the inverted body 25 of the can.

FIG. 7 shows the attachment of the aluminum metal foil or plastic film membrane 42 over the top of the calcium oxide first reagent 45. As the partial enlargement portion of FIG. 7 illustrates, the inner wall of the jacket body 32 has a stepped profile at the location where the membrane 42 is to be anchored. The calcium oxide is filed into the jacket body to a height near the step 57, so that the membrane is installed close to the calcium oxide reagent. The membrane can be attached to the inner jacket body wall by any suitable method, including thermal or press welding.

After the membrane barrier 42 is in place over the calcium oxide first reagent 45, the liquid water second reagent 50 is placed into the jacket body 32 over the membrane, as FIG. 8 indicates.

FIG. 9 depicts the installation of the jacket bottom 35 inside the jacket body 32. The jacket bottom is positioned so that the spikes 53 do not pierce the membrane 42, but close enough so that they will pierce the membrane when the user presses the jacket bottom inward toward the membrane. The jacket bottom can be fixed to the jacket body by any suitable method, including adhesive fixation, or thermal-, sonic-, or spin-welding.

Fixation of the jacket bottom 35 to the jacket body 32 completes this stage of the assembly. Further steps may involve applying labels to the jacket body. If desired, one or more insulating layers can be applied between the jacket body and an outer layer, to further inhibit transfer of heat to the outside of the assembly.

Several characteristics are desired for a self-heating assembly of the type described above. First, it is desirable that the quantity of heat generated in the exothermic reaction be sufficient to heat the food to the desired temperature, and to hold the food at an appropriate temperature for an appreciable period of time. Second, the reaction should be vigorous enough to heat the food quickly to the desired temperature, so that the user does not have to wait too long between his activation of the assembly and the time when the food is heated and ready for consumption. Third, it is vital that the product be safe. There should be no danger of any overpressure that might rupture the jacket; nor should the outer surfaces of the jacket become too hot to touch or for the user to hold comfortably in his or her bare hands. Finally, the product should not be prone to accidental activation, and the user should be assured that no such premature activation has occurred. The preferred embodiment described above includes several features that contribute to the achievement of these goals.

FIG. 10 is a plan view illustrating a configuration of the spikes or membrane penetrators 53 on the jacket bottom 35. FIG. 11 is a corresponding side section view of the spikes on the jacket body, and a lower portion of the jacket body 32. Multiple spikes are arrayed across the surface of the jacket bottom. In this embodiment, nine spikes cover substantially the entire surface of the jacket bottom, opposite substantially the entire surface of the membrane.

When the jacket bottom 35 is flexed toward the membrane, the spikes 53 form a pattern of relatively small holes distributed over the substantially the entire area of the membrane, one hole at the location of each spike. This allows the liquid water first reagent to drip in a controlled way into the calcium oxide second reagent. The water flow is distributed across the surface of the calcium oxide rather than localized at a single point, and the water drips onto the calcium oxide through multiple small holes rather than simply flooding into it through a single, large rupture in the membrane. This allows the reaction to proceed fairly rapidly while avoiding local overheating or overpressure at any single place within the calcium oxide reagent. It will generally be desirable to provide at least three spaced-apart spikes to penetrate the membrane, and five or more spikes will often be preferred.

The steel wool steam condenser 55 at the top of the volume 38 that contains the calcium oxide 45 helps to moderate overproduction of steam in the reaction. Steam generated in the reaction can condense efficiently on the large surface area of the steel wool filaments. Heat released by this condensation is transmitted efficiently from the highly conductive steel wool into the (also highly conductive) outer surface of the metal can 5.

To heat the food efficiently while maintaining the outside of the assembly 3 at a comfortable temperature, it is desirable that the heat generated in the reaction be transmitted highly preferentially into the can 5, rather than through the material of the jacket 8 to the outside of the assembly. This is achieved to a significant extent due to the different thermal conductivities of the different materials. The metal of the can conducts heat much more readily than either the plastic of the jacket or any thermal insulator that might be used between the jacket and the steel wool.

If desired, heat flow to the exterior of the assembly 3 can be further limited by applying appropriate insulators to the interior or exterior of the plastic jacket 8, or within the material of the jacket itself. FIG. 15 shows one such application. In this embodiment, a first insulator paper layer 60 is applied to the inner side of the jacket body 32, between the calcium oxide and the jacket body. In this embodiment, moreover, air pockets 61 are present between multiple layers that jointly comprise the jacket body. These air pockets are maintained by ribs, corrugations, or similar structure (not shown) between the multiple layers of the jacket body. The internal paper layer provides a first degree of insulation, and closed pockets of trapped air such as those within the jacket body are highly effective insulators.

The inner insulator layer 60 shown in FIG. 15 could also comprise a metallic foil such as an aluminum foil between the first reagent 45 and the plastic outer jacket body material 20. Such a foil would protect the plastic from heat to prevent its melting under the heat of the exothermic reaction.

Another configuration of layered insulators is shown in FIG. 16. This embodiment includes an inner layer 63 of molded or pressed fiber such as that commonly used in pressed egg containers. This inner layer is applied to the inside of the jacket body 32. A thin (3 millimeter) layer 65 of expanded polystyrene foam (e.g., Styrofoam®) is applied over the jacket body. The Styrofoame layer is an effective insulator with a surface that is easily and comfortably gripped and held by a user of the product. The Styrofoam® layer is also appropriate for the printing of permanent, colorful, and attractive visual designs, and is thus well-suited for use as the product's identifying label.

Still another layered configuration is shown in FIG. 17. This embodiment includes a molded or pressed fiber layer 63 applied to the inside of the jacket body 32 as in the prior configuration, and a Styrofoam® layer 65 applied to the outside of the assembly. This embodiment includes an additional layer of corrugated cardboard 67 between the plastic of the jacket body and the Styrofoam®. The corrugated cardboard defines channels or voids in which air pockets are held—and these air pockets are of course highly effective insulators.

Particular embodiments may use alternate insulation materials. In particular, a sprayable foam or ceramic insulator can be used in place of or in addition to any of the insulative layers described in this document. Such materials can be applied by spraying through multi-head nozzles and are thus suitable in high speed industrial production. In a preferred embodiment, a multiple layer outer jacket 20 (see FIG. 15) is produced by, e.g., injection molding or blow molding to produce an outer jacket with ribs or corrugations separating the individual layers and air spaces 61 trapped between them. A sprayable foam or ceramic layer 60 is then applied to the inner surface of the outer jacket.

An alternative preferred construction is illustrated in FIGS. 18-24. FIG. 18 shows a cup-shaped jacket bottom member 35 that carries a number of pointed penetrators or spikes 53. Water or another liquid reagent 50 is filled into the internal volume 40 in the bottom member's upward-facing cup as shown in FIG. 19. The film or foil membrane barrier 42 is then fastened over the spikes and the internal volume as shown in FIG. 20 to hold the liquid reagent inside the cup. The membrane is secured to the bottom member by an adhesive, heat-sealing, ultrasonic welding or any other suitable means. Sealing the membrane over the liquid reagent packages the reagent inside a self-contained activation subassembly 80.

FIG. 21 illustrates the installation of a thin-profile jacket top ring 30 around the top 10 of the inner container 5. The top ring is slipped from the bottom of the can upward into engagement with the lower edge of the rim 83 near the top of the can. The normal, unstressed inner diameter of this top ring is slightly less than the outer diameter of the can. A watertight, airtight seal is thus formed between the top ring and the can wall 28 when the ring is slipped onto the can.

As the detail view in FIG. 21 illustrates, this top ring 30 includes a notch 85 around the upper surface of the top ring. FIG. 22 shows the installation of a jacket body member 32 to the top ring. This jacket body member includes a notch engaging ring, configured to engage with the top ring's notch, and a can rim engaging ring 90, configured to engage the inside of the rim 83 at the top of the can 5. The jacket body member is fixed to the top ring by ultrasonic welding, spin welding, or any other suitable method.

After the jacket body member 32 is fixed to the top ring 30, the resulting can/jacket body subassembly is inverted as shown in FIG. 23. A thermal insulator 92 is then placed inside the internal volume 38 between the can 5 and the jacket body member 32, near the inner wall of the jacket body member. The thermal insulator can be a corrugated cardboard or pressed paper material, a reflective foil, a reflective paint applied to the jacket body's inner wall, or any other suitable thermal insulator.

FIG. 24 illustrates the placement of the steel wool steam condenser 55 inside the internal volume 38 around the top 10 (shown inverted in this figure) of the can 5. As FIG. 25 shows, calcium oxide 50 or another suitable reagent is then filled into the internal volume over the steam condenser to a depth that covers the inverted bottom 25 of the can.

Then, as indicated in FIG. 26, a can support 95 can be placed inside the jacket body member 32 to support the can. The can support includes a lip 98, which engages with the bottom 25 of the can 5, a can support base 100, and a support column 95 to support the lip over the base. The exact configuration of the can support can vary considerably. It may include multiple support columns, for example, and the base can be a simple, thin bar, a circular member running around the circumference of the outer jacket, or any other suitable shape so long as sufficient open space is left to allow the liquid reagent to drip down into the first reagent inside the jacket body member. The can support is in fact optional, and may not be included at all in some preferred embodiments.

The assembly is completed as illustrated in FIG. 27 by installing the activation subassembly 80—comprising the flexible bottom member 35, the barrier membrane 42, and the liquid water second reagent 50—to the bottom of the jacket body member 38 to seal the calcium oxide first reagent 45 inside the jacket. Additional insulation layers or product packaging can be applied over the outside of the jacket body if desired. This is assembly is used in the same way as the previous one, by flexing the jacket bottom to force the spikes 53 through the barrier. This leaves a pattern of holes through the barrier—one hole corresponding to each penetrator, and the liquid second reagent 50 can then move through the holes and into contact with the first reagent 45 to initiate the temperature change reaction.

FIGS. 28 and 29 illustrate yet another preferred embodiment. FIG. 28 shows a jacket configuration in which the jacket body 32 is formed integral with the jacket top ring 30, rather than as separate pieces joined together as in the previous figures. FIG. 29 is a detail view showing the region where the top ring of the integral jacket embodiment contacts the upper edge of the can 5.

In this embodiment, as in the previous one, the jacket top ring 30 is slipped over the outside of the can 5. Referring particularly to the detail view of FIG. 29, the top ring includes lower seal retainer 105 and an upper seal retainer 107. A seal 110 is retained in contact with the side of the can between these two seal retainers. The seal may be an elastomeric or otherwise flexible O-ring, a hardening liquid seal such as a hot liquid glue or a liquid elastomer that hardens upon cooling, or any other suitable material. The rim 83 of the can is gripped between the upper seal retainer 105 and an upper can rim retainer 113. This embodiment and its assembly are otherwise generally similar to the other embodiments described previously. The reagents, principles of operation, and applications are generally the same.

FIG. 30 is a side section view of an alternative actuator 115 for use in temperature-change assemblies of the type described here. This actuator, like those described above, can be incorporated as a jacket bottom 35 in a jacket assembly surrounding an inner container. As in the other jacket bottoms, this one includes several spikes, or penetrators 53 on a movable member disposed opposite a foil, film, or other membrane-like barrier. Each of the spikes in this embodiment includes two penetrating spike tips 117 with a notch 120 between them. The spike tips penetrate and tear the membrane. The notches provide open flow paths through the resulting holes for the liquid second reagent to flow through the membrane into contact with the solid first reagent.

The embodiment of FIG. 30 differs slightly from the embodiments described above. This embodiment includes a flexible “hinge” 123 around the rim of the jacket bottom 35. To operate an assembly that includes this actuator 115, the user presses the jacket bottom on the side opposite the spikes 53. The hinged rim 123 is flexible enough to allow the spike tips 117 through the membrane. In this case, though, when the jacket bottom has moved on the hinge, it does not move back into the original configuration shown in the drawing when the pressure is removed. The jacket bottom, in other words, does not flip back outward across the rim hinge. This provides the user with a way of knowing whether or not a given assembly has been activated previously. If the hinge rim is flipped inward, the jacket bottom has been pressed. If not, the assembly remains ready for use.

This embodiment further includes an outer rim surface 125, which provides a convenient location for anchoring a membrane to the actuator 115, or for securing the actuator to other elements of the overall assembly.

Reagents used in prior temperature-change assemblies have been subject to degradation over time. Calcium oxide, for example, is very hygroscopic and its absorption of water from the atmosphere might limit the shelf life of the product. In the embodiments described below, the solid first reagent is packaged inside a vacuum-sealed plastic bag having a virtually zero water vapor transmission rate.

FIG. 31 illustrates a fixture 128 for filling the first reagent into an open plastic bag 130. The fixture includes a cylindrical central support 132 of a size corresponding at least generally to the size of the inner container of the final assembly. The fixture also includes an outer wall 135 around the central support; the outer wall is sized to correspond to the size of the outer jacket in the final assembly. An open bag is placed inside the outer wall and over the central support as shown in FIG. 31.

The steel wool steam condenser 55 is then filled into the plastic bag 130 to a desired depth appropriate for the final assembly, as illustrated in FIG. 32. The first reagent is filled into the bag over the steam condenser, as shown in FIG. 33. The open top of the bag is then vacuum-sealed as shown in FIG. 34. Sealing the bag provides a completely vapor tight reagent subassembly 137, which is shown removed from the support figure in FIG. 35.

FIG. 36 illustrates the placement of the filled solid reagent subassembly 137 (carrying the steam condenser 55) into an insulated outer jacket subassembly 140. The outer jacket subassembly and its construction may be substantially identical to that of the assembly described above in connection with FIGS. 21-23. The solid reagent subassembly is slipped into the outer jacket body 32 between a layer of thermal insulation 92 and the outer wall 28 of the filled inner container 5.

The assembly is completed, as shown in FIG. 37, by installing a water-filled activation subassembly 80 to close the bottom of the outer jacket. The activation subassembly may be configured and assembled in substantially the same way as that described above in connection with FIGS. 18-20, or it may use the alternate actuator described above in connection with FIG. 30.

The solid first reagent 45 is thus packaged inside a vapor-barrier in the form of the thin-walled plastic bag 130. The material of the bag should be thin (perhaps on the order of 1-2 one-thousandths of an inch(0.004-0.008 millimeters)), and may advantageously be of a plastic with a low melting temperature. When the activation device 80 is depressed, its spikes 53 penetrate the foil or plastic membrane 42 to release the liquid second reagent 50. The spikes then penetrate further through the bag 130 to allow the liquid reagent to reach the solid reagent 45 inside the bag. This initiates the exothermic reaction in a relatively controlled way as the liquid percolates into the solid reagent through the openings in the membrane and the holes in the bag. As the temperature rises, the low melting temperature bag material melts away, thereby allowing more and more of the liquid to reach the solid reagent. The reaction accelerates, but without the initial steep temperature spike that might occur if the liquid reagent were simply dumped all at once into the solid.

The bag configuration 130 shown in these figures is also advantageous in corresponding generally to the space between the jacket body 32 and the inner container 5. If the solid reagent 45 is packed reasonably tight inside the bag, the solid reagent and the bag can provide structural support for the inner container inside the jacket. This may allow for the omission of the can support 95 (see FIG. 24), and the elimination of the assembly step required to place such a can support inside the jacket.

Still another configuration is illustrated in FIGS. 38-43. This variant packages the first reagent 45 inside a plastic bag 130 as before, but the steam condenser in this variant is outside the bag. FIG. 38 shows the placement of the open plastic bag inside a supporting fixture 128. FIG. 39 illustrates the filling of the first reagent 45 into the bag. After the bag is filled and vacuum-sealed, it is lifted off the fixture as shown in FIG. 40. The steam condenser 55 is provided inside the outer jacket subassembly 140 as shown in FIG. 41 (and not inside the bag, as in the previous embodiment). The reagent filled bag 130 is then placed around the inner container 5 and over the steam condenser 55 inside the outer jacket body 32 as shown in FIG. 42. Finally, the activation subassembly 80 carrying the liquid reagent 50 is then sealed over the open end of the jacket body as shown in FIG. 43.

Other possible configurations are illustrated in FIGS. 44-47. FIG. 44 is a side-section view illustrating a configuration in which the inner container 5 is a can that is relatively shallow in compared to the can shown, e.g., in FIGS. 1-3.

FIG. 45 depicts an embodiment in which the inner container 5 and the outer jacket 8 each have sides that flare outward and upward in a bowl-like configuration that can be held securely and conveniently by a user consuming the product. The embodiment shown in FIG. 45 also features vent outlets 165 and steam filters 170 of the type described above in connection with FIG. 3A.

FIG. 46 illustrates an embodiment that features a three-piece outer jacket 8 that includes two spin weld joints. This embodiment is assembled by first snapping an annular top ring 30 over the top rim of the inner container 5. A jacket body member 32 is then spin welded to the top ring at a first spin weld site 173. A lower activation subassembly 80 is then spin welded to the jacket body member 32 at a second spin weld site 175. If desired, the order in which the spin welds are formed could be changed, or alternative weld-forming methods could be used instead of spin welding as described here.

FIG. 47 shows another embodiment the features a relatively long top ring 30 that extends downward to the lower activation subassembly 80. This embodiment requires only a single spin weld, at a first spin weld site 173.

FIG. 48 depicts an alternative activation device 178. In this configuration, several penetrators 53 fixed to a mounting structure in the form of a central shaft 180. The device includes a flexible member in the form of a pushbutton 183 formed, for example, of a relatively soft polymeric material that is substantially more flexible than the relatively rigid material of the outer jacket that surrounds the inner container. When a user presses the pushbutton, the central shaft 180 is urged upward (relative to the figure), which in turn forces the penetrators 53 upward and through the barrier.

FIG. 49 is a side-section view of an alternative embodiment that can be shipped and sold with the inner container 5 empty. This embodiment includes a removable and replaceable lid 185. The removable lid may be a relatively thin and somewhat flexible plastic, for example, with a ridge or lip 187 that fits into place over a rim 190 around the outside of the upper edge of the wall 28 of the inner container 5.

To use this assembly, the user removes the lid 185 from the inner container 5. The user can then place his own food or another item or substance that he would like to have heated inside the inner container. The user then replaces the lid onto the inner container, and activates the assembly in the same way as the assemblies described above. The reaction between the solid first reagent 45 and the liquid second reagent 50 generates heat, which is transferred through the walls of the inner container and into user's own product.

The lid 185 includes a vent 193 in the form of an opening or hole through the lid, in this case in the lid's center. This vent allows pressure to escape from the inner container 5 as the product is heated. A steam filter 195, which may be felt or another porous or permeable material, covers the vent 193 to prevent or moderate the ejection of hot steam from the container.

FIG. 50 depicts another embodiment generally similar to that of FIG. 49. This embodiment, though, includes an inner wall insulator 197. The inner wall insulator may be a, e.g., a layer of cardboard, plastic, or a layer of plastic over a layer of cardboard. The inner wall insulator might also be in the form of a plastic cup or the like inserted into the inner container. The inner wall insulator should be configured to allow heat to flow fairly readily from the wall of the inner container into the substance placed into it, but the inner wall insulator should provide just enough thermal insulation so that a user will not burn himself, for example, if he activates the product and places his hand inside the inner container 5 in contact with its inner wall 28. The inner wall insulator should thus be in fairly close contact with the inner container, and selected and dimensioned to provide only the necessary degree of thermal insulation.

Though it is generally contemplated that all parts of the assemblies described in this document will be disposable, for convenience, at least parts of the assembly could be re-used and recycled by refilling the assembly with new temperature change chemicals and reinstalling a newly-filled inner container into the assembly.

Several self-contained temperature-change assemblies have been described to as examples of how the invention might be configured. The invention is not limited to these exemplary assemblies, though, and various modifications or additions will no doubt occur to those of skill in the art. The true scope of the invention should thus be determined primarily by reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which those claims are legally entitled. 

1. A self-contained, temperature-change container assembly comprising: an inner container; an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner container, wherein a first internal volume and a second internal volume are defined between the inner container and the outer jacket; a first temperature-change reagent inside the first internal volume; a second temperature-change reagent inside the second internal volume; a reagent separator between the first internal volume and the second internal volume; a movable member situated opposite the reagent separator, wherein movement of the movable member opens the reagent separator to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents in a reagent mixing region inside the outer jacket; structure defining an outlet in the outer jacket, wherein the outlet is configured to release gas from the assembly; and an outlet barrier that ordinarily obstructs the outlet, but which is configured to open and thereby to release gas the assembly through the outlet in response to positive pressure inside the outer jacket.
 2. The assembly of claim 1, and further comprising a filter material between the outlet and the reagent mixing region, wherein the outlet is configured to vent gas from the assembly through the filter material.
 3. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the filter material is cotton.
 4. The assembly of claim 2, wherein the filter material is felt.
 5. A self-contained, temperature-change container assembly comprising: an inner container; an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner container, wherein a first internal volume and a second internal volume are defined between the inner container and the outer jacket; a first temperature-change reagent inside the first internal volume; a second temperature-change reagent inside the second internal volume; a reagent separator between the first internal volume and the second internal volume; a movable member situated opposite the reagent separator, wherein movement of the movable member opens the reagent separator to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents in a reagent mixing region inside the outer jacket; structure defining an outlet in the outer jacket, wherein the outlet is configured to release gas from the assembly; and a filter material between the outlet and the reagent mixing region, wherein the outlet is configured to vent gas from the assembly through the filter material.
 6. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the filter material is cotton.
 7. The assembly of claim 5, wherein the filter material is felt.
 8. A self-contained, temperature-change container assembly comprising: an inner container; an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner container, wherein a first internal volume and a second internal volume are defined between the inner container and the outer jacket; a first temperature-change reagent inside the first internal volume; a second temperature-change reagent inside the second internal volume; a reagent separator between the first internal volume and the second internal volume; and a movable member situated opposite the reagent separator, wherein movement of the movable member opens the reagent separator to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents in a reagent mixing region inside the outer jacket; wherein the first-temperature change reagent includes a first portion that is at least partially covered by an inert material that inhibits a chemical reaction between the first and second temperature change reagents, and a second portion that is not at least partially covered by the inert material.
 9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the first temperature-change reagent includes calcium oxide, the second temperature-change reagent includes liquid water, and the inert material includes mineral oil.
 10. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the weight of the first portion of the first temperature-change reagent is between 15% and 90% of the combined weight of the first temperature-change reagent, each said weight measured exclusive of the weight of the inert material.
 11. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the weight of inert material used with the first portion of the first temperature-change reagent is between 1% and 20% of the total weight of the first and second portions of the first temperature-change material measured exclusive of the weight of the inert material.
 12. A self-contained, temperature-change container assembly comprising: an inner container; an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner container, wherein a first internal volume and a second internal volume are defined between the inner container and the outer jacket; a first temperature-change reagent inside the first internal volume; a second temperature-change reagent inside the second internal volume; a reagent separator between the first internal volume and the second internal volume; a movable member situated opposite the reagent separator; wherein movement of the movable member opens the reagent separator to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents in a reagent mixing region inside the outer jacket; and a heat insulator inside the outer jacket between the outer jacket and the reagent mixing region, wherein the heat insulator includes at least one material selected from the group consisting of (a) a metallic foil, and (b) a sprayable insulator applied to the interior of the outer jacket.
 13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the heat insulator includes an aluminum foil.
 14. The assembly of claim 12, wherein heat insulator includes a sprayable foam material.
 15. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the heat insulator includes a sprayable ceramic material.
 16. A self-contained, temperature-change container assembly comprising: an inner container; an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner container, wherein a first internal volume and a second internal volume are defined between the inner container and the outer jacket; a first temperature-change reagent inside the first internal volume; a second temperature-change reagent inside the second internal volume; a reagent separator between the first internal volume and the second internal volume; and a movable member situated opposite the reagent separator; wherein movement of the movable member opens the reagent separator to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents in a reagent mixing region inside the outer jacket; and wherein the outer jacket includes an outer wall structure that inclines outward in an upward direction.
 17. A self-contained, temperature-change container assembly comprising: an inner container; an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner container, wherein a first internal volume and a second internal volume are defined between the inner container and the outer jacket; a first temperature-change reagent inside the first internal volume; a second temperature-change reagent inside the second internal volume; a reagent separator between the first internal volume and the second internal volume; a movable member situated opposite the reagent separator; and wherein movement of the movable member opens the reagent separator to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents in a reagent mixing region inside the outer jacket; and wherein the reagent separator is configured to maintain close contact between the first temperature-change reagent and both a side surface and a bottom surface of the inner container after the reagent separator has been opened to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents by supporting the first temperature-change reagent on the opened reagent separator.
 18. The assembly of claim 19, wherein the movement of the movable member to open the reagent separator forms multiple openings through the reagent separator, each of said openings being smaller in size than an average grain size of the first temperature-change reagent.
 19. A self-contained, temperature-change container assembly comprising: an inner container; an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner container, wherein a first internal volume and a second internal volume are defined between the inner container and the outer jacket; a first temperature-change reagent inside the first internal volume; a second temperature-change reagent inside the second internal volume; a reagent separator between the first internal volume and the second internal volume; and a movable member situated opposite the reagent separator, wherein movement of the movable member opens the reagent separator to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents in a reagent mixing region inside the outer jacket; wherein the outer jacket includes a top ring snapped in place over a top rim of the inner container.
 20. The assembly of claim 19, and further comprising a jacket body member and a jacket bottom member that carriers the movable member, wherein the jacket body member is joined to the top ring and the jacket bottom member is joined to the jacket body member to form the outer jacket.
 21. The assembly of claim 19, and further comprising a jacket body member that carries the movable member, wherein the jacket body member is joined to the top ring to form the outer jacket.
 22. A self-contained, temperature-change container assembly comprising: an inner container; an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner container, wherein a first internal volume and a second internal volume are defined between the inner container and the outer jacket; a first temperature-change reagent inside the first internal volume; a second temperature-change reagent inside the second internal volume; a reagent separator between the first internal volume and the second internal volume; and a movable member situated opposite the reagent separator, wherein movement of the movable member opens the reagent separator to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents in a reagent mixing region inside the outer jacket; wherein the movable member comprises a pushbutton movable to bear against a structure carrying at least one penetrator and thereby to urge that penetrator through the reagent separator to open the reagent separator.
 23. The assembly of claim 22, wherein the pushbutton comprises a material of greater flexibility than a material of the outer jacket that carries the pushbutton.
 24. A self-contained, temperature-change container assembly comprising: an inner container; a removable and replaceable closure member operable to close an opening in the inner container; wherein the inner container is configured so that a user of the assembly can place a substance inside the inner container through the inner container's opening, and thereafter close the opening by replacing the closure member; an outer jacket at least partially surrounding the inner container, wherein a first internal volume and a second internal volume are defined between the inner container and the outer jacket; a first temperature-change reagent inside the first internal volume; a second temperature-change reagent inside the second internal volume; a reagent separator between the first internal volume and the second internal volume; and a movable member situated opposite the reagent separator, wherein movement of the movable member opens the reagent separator to allow mixing of the first and second temperature-change reagents in a reagent mixing region inside the outer jacket. 